Papua Conflict: An Article Review from the Best Conflict Resolution Method
Abstract
This article is aimed to review conflict resolution process of Armed Criminal Group in Papua (KKB). This study is a scientific-article review using comparison technique, which compares horse trading method, counter-insurgency (COIN) model, and Military Operations Other Than War (OMSP) to later review the best method in conflict resolution and renew or develop it. This study starts from revealing the background of Armed Criminal Group (KKB) happening in Papua, and then discussing conflict resolution process referring to the separatist movement development from KKB using horse trading method, which is proven effective to resolve this conflict if it is supported by the trust between two parties to have a dialogue where both parties are allowed to deliver their purposes openly. It is different from the application of McCormick’s COIN strategy model which narrowly fails in resolving Papua conflict, and even is possible to create a chance of the new dynamics’ existence in its international dimension, so it is needed to have a new interpretation towards COIN model in Papua, which is by giving solution to conflict-root elimination instead of total elimination by military. Meanwhile, applying Military Operations Other Than War approach (OMSP) is mandatory which is done by every country in order to tackle separatism movements. By those three models mentioned earlier, several strategic steps are formulated later in conflict resolution of Armed Criminal Group (KKB) in Papua.
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References
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Galula, D. (2006). Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Hadi, A. (2021). The Dynamics of Ethnonationalism and Conflict Resolution in Papua. Muharrik: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Sosial, 4(2), 267–282. https://doi.org/10.37680/muharrik.v4i02.1054
Hermanto, S. (2021). Prajurit TNI Ditembaki di Pegunungan Bintang, Satgas TNI-Polri Kejar KKB Ngalum Kupel. Retrieved from SINDOnews website: https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/431422/174/prajurit-tni-ditembaki-di-pegunungan-bintang-satgas-tni-polri-kejar-kkb-ngalum-kupel-1621411515
Lay, C. (2000). Antara Anarki dan Demokrasi: Masalah kekerasan kolitik di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Ilmu Politik, 3(3), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11130
Lele, G. (2001). Intervensi Kebijakan Pasca (Dis)integrasi: Sebuah Pendekatan Resolusi Konflik. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 4(3), 317–340. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11114
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Maika, A. (2006). Pendekatan Kultural sebagai Strategi Resolusi Konflik: Kasus Khon Kaen Thailand. Jumal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 10(2), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11018
Mardiani, I. P., Anisah, I., Hasibuan, M., & Fadilah, N. (2021). Konflik Internal antara Pemerintah Indonesia dengan Gerakan Separatis di Papua. Syntax Fusion: Jurnal Nasional Indonesia, 1(2), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.54543/fusion.v1i2.12
Mardiansyah, A. (2001). Negara Bangsa dan Konflik Etnis: Nasionalisme vs Etno-Nasionalisme. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, Vol. 4, pp. 289–316. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11113
Martanto, U. (2007). Perubahan Lingkungan dan Konflik Kekerasan Membaca Papua Melalui Pendekatan Environmental Security. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 11(2), 153–286. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.10995
Martanto, U. (2009). Lingkungan dan Pembangunan Perdamaian: Refleksi Kasus Aceh. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 13(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.10966
Mengko, D. M. (2015). Problematika Tugas Perbantuan TNI. Jurnal Keamanan Nasional, 1(2), 175–195. https://doi.org/10.31599/jkn.v1i2.22
Muntaha, P. Z., Kharisma, V. D., & Hanita, M. (2019). Indonesian Government Approaches and Policies for Resolving Papua Conflicts. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 7(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3595340
Noor, F. (2016). Analisis terhadap Kebijakan Pemerintah tentang Separatisme Papua. Jurnal Pertahanan Dan Bela Negara, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v6i3.313
Pratiwi, Y. D. (2017). Mengatasi Gerakan Separatis melalui Operasi Militer selain Perang (Tinjauan Hukum Humaniter dan Hukum Nasional). Jurnal Defendonesia, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.54755/defendonesia.v3i1.67
Putra, I. E., Putera, V. S., Rumkabu, E., Jayanti, R., Fathoni, A. R., & Caroline, D. J. (2024). “I am Indonesian, am I?”: Papuans’ psychological and identity dynamics about Indonesia. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 9, 101935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.101935
Ramdhan, M. A. (2021). Analisis Dimensi Internasional Konflik Papua dalam Model Counterinsurgency (COIN). Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v17i1.3532.139-152
Robby, U. B., & Akhiruddin, D. (2021). Strategi Kodim 1703/Manokwari Dalam Penanganan Konflik Sosial di Provinsi Papua Barat. JURNAL DESENTRALISASI DAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK (JDKP), 2(1), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.30656/jdkp.v2i1.2841
Ruhyanto, A. (2016). The Perils of Prosperity Approach in Papua. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 28, 490–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2016.1237126
Samudro, E. G., Saragih, H. J. R., Widodo, P., Sumantri, S. H., Anwar, S., & Malik, I. (2022). Conflict Resolution Efforts in Papua: Reconciliation Approach. Res Militaris, 12(4), 1643–1658. Retrieved from resmilitaris.net/index.php/resmilitaris/article/view/1989
Sujarwoto. (2015). Communal Conflict in Indonesia: Contagious or Latent Issues ? Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Ilmu Politik, 19(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.10847
Sujito, A. (2002). Gerakan Demiliterisasi di Era Transisi Demokrasi: Peta Masalah dan Pemanfaatan Peluang. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 6(1), 121–138. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11097
Suropati, U. (2019). Solusi Komprehensif Menuju Papua Baru: Penyelesaian Konflik Papua Secara Damai, Adil dan Bermartabat. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 7(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v7i1.52
Suryawan, I. N. (2011). Komin Tipu Komin: Elit Lokal dalam Dinamika Otonomi Khusus dan Pemekaran Daerah di Papua. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 15(2), 140–153. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11390
Trijono, L. (2009). Pembangunan Perdamaian Pasca-Konflik di Indonesia: Kaitan perdamaian, pembangunan dan demokrasi dalam pengembangan kelembagaan pasca-konflik. JSP: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 13(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.10967
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Viartasiwi, N. (2014). Autonomy and Decentralization as Remedies?: Counterinsurgency Tactics for the West Papua Conflict in Indonesia. The Journal of International Studies, 27(1), 283–304. Retrieved from https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/ir/isaru/assets/file/journal/27-1_13_Nino.pdf
Widjojo, M. S. (2009). Papua Road Map - Negotiating the Past, Improving the Present and Securing the Future. Jakarta: Yayasan Tifa.
Williams, P. D., & McDonald, M. (2013). Security Studies: An Introduction. London: Rouletdge.
Zam, M. A. Z., & Himmawan, D. (2023). Manajeman Konflik Dalam Penyelesaian Kasus Papua. Diplomasi: Jurnal Demokrasi, Pemerintahan Dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.61166/dpl.v1i1.10
Zuhdan, M. (2013). Manajemen Konflik Berbasis Komunitas: Studi Kasus Community Oriented Policing (COP) di Malioboro Yogyakarta. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 17(2), 130–143. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.10879
Aprianto, T. C. (2009). Manakala Konflik Berkepanjangan Harus Diselesaikan : Kasus Konflik Perkebunan Ketajek , Jember. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 13, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.10968
Arfani, R. N. (2005). “Governance” sebagai Pengelolaan Konflik. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 8(3), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11047
Chauvel, R. (2005). Constructing Papuan Nationalism: History, Ethnicity, and Adaptation. Washington D.C.: East-West Center Washington. Retrieved from https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/constructing-papuan-nationalism-history-ethnicity-and-adaptation
Costa, F. M. L. (2021). Kabinda Papua Gugur karena Serangan KKB. Retrieved from kompas.id website: https://www.kompas.id/baca/nusantara/2021/04/25/kabinda-papua-gugur-karena-ditembak-kkb/
Febrianti, S. W., Arum, A. S., Dermawan, W., & Akim. (2019). Penyelesaian Konflik Internal antara Pemerintah Indonesia dengan Gerakan Separatisme di Papua melalui Mekanisme Horse-Trading. Society, 7(2), 90–108. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v7i2.86
Galula, D. (2006). Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Hadi, A. (2021). The Dynamics of Ethnonationalism and Conflict Resolution in Papua. Muharrik: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Sosial, 4(2), 267–282. https://doi.org/10.37680/muharrik.v4i02.1054
Hermanto, S. (2021). Prajurit TNI Ditembaki di Pegunungan Bintang, Satgas TNI-Polri Kejar KKB Ngalum Kupel. Retrieved from SINDOnews website: https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/431422/174/prajurit-tni-ditembaki-di-pegunungan-bintang-satgas-tni-polri-kejar-kkb-ngalum-kupel-1621411515
Lay, C. (2000). Antara Anarki dan Demokrasi: Masalah kekerasan kolitik di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Ilmu Politik, 3(3), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11130
Lele, G. (2001). Intervensi Kebijakan Pasca (Dis)integrasi: Sebuah Pendekatan Resolusi Konflik. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 4(3), 317–340. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11114
Maharani, M. (2022). Analisis Masalah Pada Konflik Papua Merdeka Dalam Kaitan dengan Kesenjangan Sosial Warga Indonesia. Antropocene: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Humaniora, 2(1), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.56393/antropocene.v1i4.426
Maika, A. (2006). Pendekatan Kultural sebagai Strategi Resolusi Konflik: Kasus Khon Kaen Thailand. Jumal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 10(2), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11018
Mardiani, I. P., Anisah, I., Hasibuan, M., & Fadilah, N. (2021). Konflik Internal antara Pemerintah Indonesia dengan Gerakan Separatis di Papua. Syntax Fusion: Jurnal Nasional Indonesia, 1(2), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.54543/fusion.v1i2.12
Mardiansyah, A. (2001). Negara Bangsa dan Konflik Etnis: Nasionalisme vs Etno-Nasionalisme. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, Vol. 4, pp. 289–316. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11113
Martanto, U. (2007). Perubahan Lingkungan dan Konflik Kekerasan Membaca Papua Melalui Pendekatan Environmental Security. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 11(2), 153–286. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.10995
Martanto, U. (2009). Lingkungan dan Pembangunan Perdamaian: Refleksi Kasus Aceh. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 13(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.10966
Mengko, D. M. (2015). Problematika Tugas Perbantuan TNI. Jurnal Keamanan Nasional, 1(2), 175–195. https://doi.org/10.31599/jkn.v1i2.22
Muntaha, P. Z., Kharisma, V. D., & Hanita, M. (2019). Indonesian Government Approaches and Policies for Resolving Papua Conflicts. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 7(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3595340
Noor, F. (2016). Analisis terhadap Kebijakan Pemerintah tentang Separatisme Papua. Jurnal Pertahanan Dan Bela Negara, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v6i3.313
Pratiwi, Y. D. (2017). Mengatasi Gerakan Separatis melalui Operasi Militer selain Perang (Tinjauan Hukum Humaniter dan Hukum Nasional). Jurnal Defendonesia, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.54755/defendonesia.v3i1.67
Putra, I. E., Putera, V. S., Rumkabu, E., Jayanti, R., Fathoni, A. R., & Caroline, D. J. (2024). “I am Indonesian, am I?”: Papuans’ psychological and identity dynamics about Indonesia. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 9, 101935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.101935
Ramdhan, M. A. (2021). Analisis Dimensi Internasional Konflik Papua dalam Model Counterinsurgency (COIN). Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v17i1.3532.139-152
Robby, U. B., & Akhiruddin, D. (2021). Strategi Kodim 1703/Manokwari Dalam Penanganan Konflik Sosial di Provinsi Papua Barat. JURNAL DESENTRALISASI DAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK (JDKP), 2(1), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.30656/jdkp.v2i1.2841
Ruhyanto, A. (2016). The Perils of Prosperity Approach in Papua. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 28, 490–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2016.1237126
Samudro, E. G., Saragih, H. J. R., Widodo, P., Sumantri, S. H., Anwar, S., & Malik, I. (2022). Conflict Resolution Efforts in Papua: Reconciliation Approach. Res Militaris, 12(4), 1643–1658. Retrieved from resmilitaris.net/index.php/resmilitaris/article/view/1989
Sujarwoto. (2015). Communal Conflict in Indonesia: Contagious or Latent Issues ? Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Ilmu Politik, 19(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.10847
Sujito, A. (2002). Gerakan Demiliterisasi di Era Transisi Demokrasi: Peta Masalah dan Pemanfaatan Peluang. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 6(1), 121–138. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11097
Suropati, U. (2019). Solusi Komprehensif Menuju Papua Baru: Penyelesaian Konflik Papua Secara Damai, Adil dan Bermartabat. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 7(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v7i1.52
Suryawan, I. N. (2011). Komin Tipu Komin: Elit Lokal dalam Dinamika Otonomi Khusus dan Pemekaran Daerah di Papua. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 15(2), 140–153. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.11390
Trijono, L. (2009). Pembangunan Perdamaian Pasca-Konflik di Indonesia: Kaitan perdamaian, pembangunan dan demokrasi dalam pengembangan kelembagaan pasca-konflik. JSP: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 13(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.10967
UK Ministry of Defence. (2014). The Military Contribution to Peace Support Operation. London: Joint Werfare Publication. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a8170f2e5274a2e8ab5401f/20130402-jwp3_50_ed2_pso-Archived.pdf
Viartasiwi, N. (2014). Autonomy and Decentralization as Remedies?: Counterinsurgency Tactics for the West Papua Conflict in Indonesia. The Journal of International Studies, 27(1), 283–304. Retrieved from https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/ir/isaru/assets/file/journal/27-1_13_Nino.pdf
Widjojo, M. S. (2009). Papua Road Map - Negotiating the Past, Improving the Present and Securing the Future. Jakarta: Yayasan Tifa.
Williams, P. D., & McDonald, M. (2013). Security Studies: An Introduction. London: Rouletdge.
Zam, M. A. Z., & Himmawan, D. (2023). Manajeman Konflik Dalam Penyelesaian Kasus Papua. Diplomasi: Jurnal Demokrasi, Pemerintahan Dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.61166/dpl.v1i1.10
Zuhdan, M. (2013). Manajemen Konflik Berbasis Komunitas: Studi Kasus Community Oriented Policing (COP) di Malioboro Yogyakarta. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 17(2), 130–143. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.10879
Published
2024-05-31
How to Cite
MERINA, Bresca.
Papua Conflict: An Article Review from the Best Conflict Resolution Method.
JESS (Journal of Education on Social Science), [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 104-117, may 2024.
ISSN 2550-0147.
Available at: <http://jess.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/JESS/article/view/549>. Date accessed: 20 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24036/jess.v8i1.549.
Section
Artikel
